- Sparta was a city-state in ancient Greece located in the region of Laconia, on the Peloponnese peninsula. It was known for its military-focused society and highly disciplined warriors, known as Spartans. Sparta was founded by the Dorians around the 10th century BC and became one of the leading military powers in Greece.
- The government of Sparta was a unique form of oligarchy, known as a gerontocracy. It was ruled by two hereditary kings, who shared military and religious duties, along with a Council of Elders and an Assembly of citizens. The objective of the Spartan government was to maintain a strong military, which was accomplished through the strict social and educational system known as the Spartan way of life.
- Spartan society revolved around the military and the pursuit of physical strength and discipline. All male citizens were raised to be soldiers and underwent rigorous training from a young age. The Spartan Army was renowned for its skill and discipline in battle, and Spartan warriors were feared throughout ancient Greece. Women in Sparta also enjoyed more freedom and independence compared to other Greek city-states, as they received physical education and had more rights and responsibilities.
- While Sparta was primarily focused on military strength, it did not develop as much in areas such as culture, trade, or intellectual pursuits compared to other Greek city-states, such as Athens. However, its military power and reputation allowed it to maintain a prominent position in the Greek world. Sparta participated in various wars and conflicts, most notably the Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian War against Athens.
- Despite its military prowess, Sparta's power began to decline after its victory in the Peloponnesian War, and it was eventually conquered by the Thebans in the 4th century BC. Sparta continued to exist as a smaller city-state but never regained its former glory. Today, the city of Sparta holds archaeological remains and is a popular tourist destination for visitors interested in ancient Greek history.