- Kaluga is a city in western Russia, located on the Oka River about 188 kilometers southwest of Moscow. It is the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast and has a population of approximately 344,000 people.
- Kaluga is known for its historical and cultural significance. The city was founded in the 14th century and has a rich architectural heritage, including several churches and cathedrals from different periods. One of the most notable landmarks in Kaluga is the Kaluga Kremlin, a historic fortress that dates back to the 16th century.
- Kaluga is also famous for being the birthplace of renowned physicist and mathematician, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, known as the "father of astronautics". He conducted his pioneering work on rocketry and space travel in Kaluga and there is a museum dedicated to him in the city.
- In addition to its historical and cultural attractions, Kaluga is an important industrial and economic center. It is known for its automotive and aerospace industries, with several major companies having manufacturing facilities in the city.
- Overall, Kaluga is a vibrant city that combines its rich history with modern developments, making it an interesting destination for both tourists and business travelers.